Immunotherapy-related arthritis
Joint inflammation that can develop as a side effect of certain cancer immunotherapies, where prompt, coordinated assessment helps
Some modern cancer treatments, known as immunotherapies or checkpoint inhibitors, work by boosting the immune system. A recognised side effect is that the immune system can also cause inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling and stiffness. This can develop during or after treatment, and it benefits from assessment by a rheumatologist working alongside the cancer team.
Written for patients and reviewed by Dr Liubov Borukhson, Consultant Rheumatologist (GMC 7021928). Last clinically reviewed: June 2026.
Common symptoms
Joint symptoms related to immunotherapy can vary. Features may include:
- Pain, swelling and stiffness in one or several joints
- Morning stiffness
- Symptoms that develop during a course of immunotherapy, or sometimes after it has finished
How it is diagnosed
Diagnosis brings together the history of immunotherapy treatment, the pattern of joint symptoms, an examination and appropriate tests. Recognising the link to the cancer treatment is important, and assessment also makes sure other causes are not missed.
Ultrasound can help confirm and assess joint inflammation accurately. Dr Borukhson uses point-of-care ultrasound during the consultation, so this can often be done in the same visit. You can read more on the ultrasound clinic page.
How it is treated
The aim is to control the joint inflammation and relieve symptoms while supporting the person's cancer care, since the two need to be balanced. Treatment is individual and is best coordinated closely with the oncology team. Where a particular joint is troublesome, an ultrasound-guided injection may help. The plan is agreed with you and your wider team.
Why coordinated assessment matters
Because this form of arthritis sits at the meeting point of rheumatology and cancer care, an assessment that works alongside the oncology team gives the best result. If you are receiving or have received immunotherapy and develop joint pain or swelling, a prompt specialist review is worthwhile.
Joint pain during or after cancer immunotherapy?
A prompt specialist assessment, coordinated with your cancer team, can confirm the cause and manage joint symptoms while supporting your treatment
Book an appointment